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The full trainer — drills, reading, listening, speaking and writing — is being built for this language the same way as Spanish and German. Check back soon.
HeyFluent is a complete training system for getting to confident, conversational fluency — built on what actually moves the needle: retrieval practice, comprehensible input, and real speaking.
You don't learn a language by reading about it. You learn it by recalling it under pressure, taking in a lot of it, and speaking it. HeyFluent bundles those into one daily hour. Everything is type-the-answer (not multiple choice), wrong answers come back, and mastered ones retire.
Stages and bands unlock as you master what comes before, so you always know what's next. The daily ring and streak (top right) keep you honest.
Install it like a real app — full screen, works offline, one tap from your Home Screen to your daily hour. Takes about ten seconds.
On iPhone and iPad this only works in Safari — not Chrome or an in-app browser.
Four evidence-based levers to hold you to an hour a day. All optional, all editable later.
Study time is the strongest predictor of actual gains (Loewen et al. 2020). The ring fills toward this; a streak day needs just 5 minutes so one short day never breaks the chain.
Pre-deciding when and where is one of the best-evidenced habit levers there is (Gollwitzer & Sheeran 2006, d=0.65).
Fires only if you haven't practised by that hour, plus an evening nudge if a live streak is about to break.
Reporting to one person roughly tripled goal attainment vs tracking privately (Harkin et al. 2016). They get your honest numbers every Sunday, good week or bad.
Everything above, shuffled together.
The everyday building blocks and the harder tenses, in level order. Each card shows its level.
The verb carries the sentence: who, what, when. Conjugate the common ones on sight and you can follow real speech and say what you mean, picking the other words up as you go. Everyday tenses: present, both pasts, future. Every form adds conditional, subjunctive, commands, perfect and -ing.
When to use lo, la, los, las (direct) vs le, les (indirect), how to combine them (se lo doy), and where to put them. Work through the stages in order; each unlocks the next. The full rules live in the cheatsheets at the foot of the home screen.
Frequency-ranked vocabulary in three levels, tested both directions with accent forgiveness.
Turn your words into a story →Your teacher's vocab as flashcards. Photograph the page, or pick a photo you already took, check what was read, and save it as a deck. Then learn it with flashcards or the typed drill. Kept apart from the 1,000-word path: nothing here touches that progress.
Pick a topic, write in Spanish, get a structured review back: a clean rewrite, issues grouped by grammar / vocabulary / idiom / style / naturalness, scores, and weak words pushed straight into your drill pool. Calibrated against neutral Latin American Spanish.
Three ways to build spoken fluency: shadow native phrases to fix rhythm and pronunciation, fire off rapid responses to train speed under pressure, then hold a full conversation (everyday B1 or opinion-led B2) and get a structured review. Corrections come at the end to protect fluency. Errors feed the vocab weakness pool.
Curated podcast episodes in real Latin American Spanish. Listen externally, come back, answer five comprehension questions, and get a graded review. The flagged words feed the same vocab weakness pool.
Give a song by name and Claude pulls the lyrics with a line-by-line English translation. Paste the Spotify link to play it inline and read both languages while you listen. Every Spanish word is tappable, and mining a word mints a sentence card straight into your Lectura SRS deck.
The evidence-based fastest path A2 → B1. Short narrow-reading series at your level, with every unknown word a tap away. Tap a word to see the gloss; mine it to mint a sentence card. Spaced-repetition cloze reviews lock the +1 words into long-term memory. Mined words also feed the existing vocab drill pool.
Every rule, grouped by level. Know everything under a level and you are ready for that class. Open a card for the rules, then practise it.
Drop the -ar, -er, or -ir from the infinitive to get the stem. Then add the ending. Future is the only one that adds to the full infinitive, not the stem.
| Pronoun | -AR (hablar) | -ER (comer) | -IR (vivir) |
|---|---|---|---|
| yo | -o · hablo | -o · como | -o · vivo |
| tú | -as · hablas | -es · comes | -es · vives |
| él/ella | -a · habla | -e · come | -e · vive |
| nosotros | -amos · hablamos | -emos · comemos | -imos · vivimos |
| ellos | -an · hablan | -en · comen | -en · viven |
| Pronoun | -AR | -ER / -IR |
|---|---|---|
| yo | -é | -í |
| tú | -aste | -iste |
| él/ella | -ó | -ió |
| nosotros | -amos | -imos |
| ellos | -aron | -ieron |
| Pronoun | -AR | -ER / -IR |
|---|---|---|
| yo | -aba | -ía |
| tú | -abas | -ías |
| él/ella | -aba | -ía |
| nosotros | -ábamos | -íamos |
| ellos | -aban | -ían |
| Pronoun | All three types |
|---|---|
| yo | -é |
| tú | -ás |
| él/ella | -á |
| nosotros | -emos |
| ellos | -án |
These five carry most conversational weight. Memorise the full grid.
| Pronoun | ser | estar | ir | tener | hacer |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| yo | soy | estoy | voy | tengo | hago |
| tú | eres | estás | vas | tienes | haces |
| él/ella | es | está | va | tiene | hace |
| nosotros | somos | estamos | vamos | tenemos | hacemos |
| ellos | son | están | van | tienen | hacen |
ser or estar? Both mean "to be". ser says who or what something is, and the time (soy Ben, es de Bolivia, son las dos); estar says where it is or how it is right now (estoy en casa, está cansada). The full rules are on the ser vs estar card.
| Pronoun | ser/ir | estar | tener | hacer |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| yo | fui | estuve | tuve | hice |
| tú | fuiste | estuviste | tuviste | hiciste |
| él/ella | fue | estuvo | tuvo | hizo |
| nosotros | fuimos | estuvimos | tuvimos | hicimos |
| ellos | fueron | estuvieron | tuvieron | hicieron |
ser and ir share the same preterite. Context tells you which one is meant.
Only three verbs are irregular in the imperfect: ser (era, eras, era, éramos, eran), ir (iba, ibas, iba, íbamos, iban), and ver (veía, veías, veía, veíamos, veían). Everything else is regular.
| Verb | Stem | yo form |
|---|---|---|
| tener | tendr- | tendré |
| hacer | har- | haré |
| decir | dir- | diré |
| poder | podr- | podré |
| poner | pondr- | pondré |
| salir | saldr- | saldré |
| venir | vendr- | vendré |
| saber | sabr- | sabré |
| querer | querr- | querré |
Present tense yo form ends in -go. The other four pronouns follow regular rules (or stem changes for some).
| Verb | yo form | Meaning |
|---|---|---|
| tener | tengo | to have |
| venir | vengo | to come |
| hacer | hago | to do/make |
| poner | pongo | to put |
| salir | salgo | to leave |
| decir | digo | to say |
| traer | traigo | to bring |
| caer | caigo | to fall |
Stem vowel changes in all forms except nosotros. Endings stay regular.
| Pattern | Verbs |
|---|---|
| e → ie | querer, pensar, empezar, entender, perder |
| o → ue | poder, volver, dormir, encontrar |
| u → ue | jugar (the only one) |
| e → i | pedir, servir, repetir, seguir |
nosotros keeps the original vowel: queremos, podemos, pedimos, jugamos.
These verbs use a special preterite stem and a unique set of endings: -e, -iste, -o, -imos, -ieron. Critically, no accents on yo or él/ella.
| Verb | Stem | yo | ellos |
|---|---|---|---|
| tener | tuv- | tuve | tuvieron |
| estar | estuv- | estuve | estuvieron |
| hacer | hic- | hice | hicieron |
| poder | pud- | pude | pudieron |
| poner | pus- | puse | pusieron |
| venir | vin- | vine | vinieron |
| saber | sup- | supe | supieron |
| querer | quis- | quise | quisieron |
| decir | dij- | dije | dijeron |
hacer's él form is hizo (c → z to keep the soft sound). decir's ellos form is dijeron, not "dijieron".
The conditional means "would do X". Formation: take the full infinitive (or the irregular future stem) and add imperfect -ER/-IR endings.
| Pronoun | Ending | Example: hablar |
|---|---|---|
| yo | -ía | hablaría |
| tú | -ías | hablarías |
| él/ella | -ía | hablaría |
| nosotros | -íamos | hablaríamos |
| ellos | -ían | hablarían |
tener → tendr-ía · venir → vendr-ía · poner → pondr-ía · salir → saldr-ía · hacer → har-ía · decir → dir-ía · poder → podr-ía · saber → sabr-ía · querer → querr-ía
-AR → -ado (hablar → hablado) · -ER/-IR → -ido (comer → comido, vivir → vivido)
| Pronoun | Present (have) | Imperfect (had) | Future (will have) |
|---|---|---|---|
| yo | he | había | habré |
| tú | has | habías | habrás |
| él/ella | ha | había | habrá |
| nosotros | hemos | habíamos | habremos |
| ellos | han | habían | habrán |
| Verb | Participle | Verb | Participle |
|---|---|---|---|
| decir | dicho | romper | roto |
| hacer | hecho | morir | muerto |
| ver | visto | cubrir | cubierto |
| volver | vuelto | resolver | resuelto |
| poner | puesto | satisfacer | satisfecho |
| escribir | escrito | abrir | abierto |
Four command forms: tú affirmative, tú negative, usted (formal), ustedes (plural). The negative tú, usted, and ustedes forms all use subjunctive endings.
| Form | -AR (hablar) | -ER (comer) | -IR (vivir) |
|---|---|---|---|
| tú affirmative | habla | come | vive |
| tú negative | no hables | no comas | no vivas |
| usted | hable | coma | viva |
| ustedes | hablen | coman | vivan |
| Verb | Command | Verb | Command |
|---|---|---|---|
| tener | ten | salir | sal |
| venir | ven | decir | di |
| hacer | haz | ir | ve |
| poner | pon | ser | sé |
no hagas, no digas, no vayas, no pongas, no salgas, no seas, no tengas, no vengas. Never no haz or no habla.
All three are the present subjunctive: diga, haga, venga · tengan, salgan · hablemos (let’s talk). "Let’s go" is vamos (the one exception), "let’s leave" vámonos.
| Affirmative | Negative |
|---|---|
| dímelo | no me lo digas |
| siéntate | no te sientes |
| dáselo | no se lo des |
| siéntese (usted) | no se siente |
Affirmative: glued on, indirect before direct, with an accent only when the stress would otherwise move (dímelo, siéntate; but dime, hazlo, ponte). Negative: before the verb, as separate words. le / les + lo / la → se lo / se la.
Softer than a command: ¿puedes…?, deberías…, te aconsejo que vayas, yo que tú, iría, ¿por qué no vienes?
The subjunctive is the "non-reality" mood: doubts, wishes, emotions, hypotheticals. Formation trick: take the present yo form, drop the -o, then swap the vowel.
| Pronoun | -AR (hablar) | -ER/-IR (comer / vivir) |
|---|---|---|
| yo | -e · hable | -a · coma / viva |
| tú | -es · hables | -as · comas / vivas |
| él/ella | -e · hable | -a · coma / viva |
| nosotros | -emos · hablemos | -amos · comamos / vivamos |
| ellos | -en · hablen | -an · coman / vivan |
| Verb | yo | tú | él | nosotros | ellos |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| ser | sea | seas | sea | seamos | sean |
| estar | esté | estés | esté | estemos | estén |
| ir | vaya | vayas | vaya | vayamos | vayan |
| haber | haya | hayas | haya | hayamos | hayan |
| saber | sepa | sepas | sepa | sepamos | sepan |
| dar | dé | des | dé | demos | den |
Common triggers: "Quiero que...", "Es importante que...", "Dudo que...", "Ojalá que...".
The gerund is Spanish's "-ing" form. Its main real-world use: progressive tenses with estar, describing an action in motion right now / at that moment / in the future.
| Type | Rule | Examples |
|---|---|---|
| -AR | stem + -ando | hablando, trabajando, estudiando |
| -ER | stem + -iendo | comiendo, bebiendo, aprendiendo |
| -IR | stem + -iendo | viviendo, escribiendo, abriendo |
| Verb | Gerund | Pattern |
|---|---|---|
| dormir | durmiendo | o → u |
| morir | muriendo | o → u |
| poder | pudiendo | o → u |
| pedir | pidiendo | e → i |
| servir | sirviendo | e → i |
| decir | diciendo | e → i |
| repetir | repitiendo | e → i |
| seguir | siguiendo | e → i |
| venir | viniendo | e → i |
| leer | leyendo | i → y |
| traer | trayendo | i → y |
| oír | oyendo | i → y |
| ir | yendo | fully irregular |
| Pronoun | Present (am/is/are) | Past (was/were) | Future (will be) |
|---|---|---|---|
| yo | estoy | estaba | estaré |
| tú | estás | estabas | estarás |
| él/ella | está | estaba | estará |
| nosotros | estamos | estábamos | estaremos |
| ellos | están | estaban | estarán |
Examples: estoy hablando (I am speaking) · estaba comiendo (I was eating) · estaré trabajando (I will be working).
The gerund itself never changes for person or number, only estar does. The gerund is not used as a noun in Spanish (unlike English "running is fun" — Spanish uses the infinitive: "correr es divertido").
The same little word does three unrelated jobs. The word after it tells you which.
After lo | Meaning | Example |
|---|---|---|
| a verb | it / him / you (formal) | lo vi = I saw him/it |
| que | what / that which | lo que vio = what he saw |
| adjective / adverb | the … thing / how … | lo bueno = the good thing |
lo + adjective + que means "how …": no sabes lo difícil que es (you don't know how hard it is).
Fixed phrases worth memorising: a lo mejor (maybe), por lo menos (at least), lo siento (I'm sorry).
Spanish forces two contractions. They are never written out in full.
voy al mercado (to the market) · la puerta del café (of the café). Only with the article el, never the pronoun él: se lo di a él stays separate.
A tidy replacement for "cuando + verb": al llegar (on arriving) · al verlo (on seeing it) · al amanecer (at dawn, as day broke).
para looks forward to a goal; por looks back at a cause or moves through something.
| para (goal) | por (cause / motion) |
|---|---|
purpose: para aprender | reason: por amor |
destination: salgo para Lima | through/along: por la calle |
deadline: para el lunes | duration: por dos horas |
recipient: es para ti | exchange: gracias por todo |
Quick test: if you can say "in order to", use para. If it's "because of / by / through / in exchange for", use por.
| por (duration / part of day) | para (deadline) |
|---|---|
duration: por dos horas | deadline: para el lunes |
part of day: por la mañana | due by: para mañana |
approx. time: por la tarde | for an occasion: para Navidad |
Part of the day with no clock time: por la mañana / tarde / noche — in Bolivia and much of Latin America en la mañana is just as common. With a stated hour, switch to de: a las siete de la mañana. See the "Time & dates" card for the full picture.
ser = what something fundamentally is. estar = where it is or what state it is in right now.
soy Ben, origin es de México, time and date son las dos, traits es alto.estoy en casa, condition está cansado, emotion estoy feliz, an action in progress está lloviendo.la fiesta es en mi casa), material (no es de oro), relationships (es mi hermana).está sentada), the result of something (las calles están mojadas), the date with a (estamos a 1 de agosto).hay un banco cerca. A specific thing uses estar: el banco está cerca.Some adjectives change meaning: es aburrido (he is boring) vs está aburrido (he is bored); es listo (clever) vs está listo (ready).
Ask: is this who they are, or how they are at the moment? Ana es muy tranquila (her personality) vs Ana está muy tranquila (now, after something). ¡Estás nerviosísimo, y eso que no eres nada nervioso!
Character with ser: honesto, tímido, alegre, desordenado. States and moods with estar: enfermo, enojado, de mal humor. More meaning changes: ser vivo (sharp) vs estar vivo (alive); ser verde (green) vs estar verde (unripe).
se lava (washes himself) · se abrazan (they hug each other).
"one / people / is done": se habla español (Spanish is spoken) · se venden casas (houses for sale).
Pins an accident on circumstance, not you: se me cayó (it fell, I dropped it) · se me olvidó (I forgot).
le lo di is impossible, so le becomes se: se lo di (I gave it to him).
para esquiar se necesitan esquís: the verb agrees with the thing. Where English uses a passive, Spanish often uses a subjectless "they": me robaron el pasaporte (my passport was stolen), never fui robado.
Use the subjunctive (usually after que) when the main clause expresses something not stated as fact. The trigger is WEIRDO:
| Trigger | Example |
|---|---|
| Wish | quiero que vengas |
| Emotion | me alegra que estés aquí |
| Impersonal | es importante que vayas |
| Recommendation | te pido que esperes |
| Doubt / denial | dudo que sea verdad |
| Ojalá | ojalá llueva |
Also after cuando, hasta que, aunque when the action has not happened yet: cuando llegues, llámame (when you arrive, call me).
Short for "espero que…": ¡que lo pases bien!, ¡que te mejores!, ¡que te vaya bien!, ¡que cumplas muchos más! This que has no accent (¡qué bien! is a reaction).
Two different subjects → que + subjuntivo: Andrés quiere que su amigo estudie. The same subject → infinitive: Andrés quiere estudiar, espero aprobar.
The subjunctive is built from the yo form of the present: tengo → tenga, digo → diga, conozco → conozca. Get the A2 irregular presents solid and the B1 subjunctive follows. Six verbs ignore the rule: ser → sea, estar → esté, ir → vaya, saber → sepa, haber → haya, dar → dé.
Put a before a specific person used as a direct object. It has no English equivalent.
The thing is the subject; the person is an indirect object. Literally "X pleases me".
| English | Spanish |
|---|---|
| I like coffee | me gusta el café |
| I like books | me gustan los libros |
The verb agrees with the thing (gusta / gustan), not the person. An infinitive counts as singular: me gusta bailar. Same family: encantar, interesar, molestar, importar, doler, parecer, faltar, quedar.
Only the verb's tense changes. A reaction to one event takes the indefinido: me gustó la película, me dio miedo. A general liking or an ongoing state takes the imperfecto: de niño me gustaba el fútbol.
Works like gustar: tu hermano me cae bien = I like your brother. me gusta Ana can sound romantic; Ana me cae bien is neutral.
Direct object = what/whom the verb acts on (answers "what?"). Indirect object = to/for whom (answers "to whom?"). They use different pronouns in the 3rd person.
| Direct (DO) | Indirect (IO) | |
|---|---|---|
| me / you (tú) | me · te | me · te |
| him / her / it / you (Ud.) | lo · la | le |
| us | nos | nos |
| them / you (Uds.) | los · las | les |
DO agrees in gender and number with the noun it replaces: el libro → lo, la carta → la, los zapatos → los, las llaves → las.
Only the 3rd person differs (lo/la/los/las vs le/les). me, te, nos are the same for both.
Pronouns go before a conjugated verb: Lo veo. No la quiero.
With an infinitive or gerund, two positions are both correct, before the whole phrase or attached to the end:
| Form | Rule | Example |
|---|---|---|
| Affirmative command | attach (add accent) | ¡Cómelo! ¡Dímelo! |
| Negative command | before the verb | No lo comas. No me lo digas. |
| Infinitive / gerund | either side | hacerlo / lo voy a hacer |
Attaching usually adds a written accent to keep the original stress: come → cómelo, di → dímelo, haciendo → haciéndolo.
When both appear, order is always indirect before direct:
The big rule: le and les become se before lo/la/los/las (you never say le lo):
| English | Build | Spanish |
|---|---|---|
| I give it to her | le + lo | se lo doy |
| He brings it to me | me + la | me la trae |
| I lend them to him | le + las | se las presto |
Because se is ambiguous (him? her? them?), add a él / a ella / a usted / a ellos for clarity: Se lo doy a ella.
Only 1:00 takes the singular es; every other hour takes the plural son.
| Time | Spanish |
|---|---|
| 1:00 | es la una |
| 3:00 | son las tres |
| 1:15 | es la una y cuarto |
| 3:30 | son las tres y media |
| 4:45 | son las cinco menos cuarto |
| 12:00 / 00:00 | es mediodía / es medianoche |
Latin America (incl. Bolivia) often counts to the hour: un cuarto para las cinco or quince para las cinco = 4:45.
No clock time given → por la mañana / tarde / noche (Bolivia & LatAm also say en la mañana). With a stated hour → de la: a las siete de la mañana (7 a.m.), las nueve de la noche (9 p.m.).
The 1st is the ordinal primero; all other days are plain numbers: el primero de mayo, el quince de marzo. Months & seasons take en: en mayo, en verano.
| Meaning | Pattern & example |
|---|---|
| ago | hace + time: llegué hace dos años |
| for (up to now) | hace … que + present: hace dos años que vivo aquí |
| since (a point) | desde + date/event: desde 2020 |
| for (a span, ongoing) | desde hace + time: estudio español desde hace tres años |
| have been -ing | llevar + time + gerund: llevo dos años viviendo aquí |
desde que + a conjugated verb: viaja menos desde que nació su hija (bare desde only goes before a date or noun). de … a: vivió en Sucre de 2010 a 2014. Questions: ¿desde cuándo…?, ¿cuánto tiempo hace que…?, ¿cuánto tiempo llevas trabajando aquí?
Duration vs deadline: por dos horas (how long) vs para el lunes (by when). "I’ve lived here for five years" stays in the present: vivo aquí desde hace cinco años.
| Idea | Pattern | Example |
|---|---|---|
| more / less than | más / menos + adj + que | más alto que |
| as … as (adj/adv) | tan + adj + como | tan alto como |
| as much/many as (noun) | tanto/a/os/as + noun + como | tantos libros como |
| as much as (verb) | verb + tanto como | trabaja tanto como yo |
| the most / least | el/la/los/las + más/menos + adj | el más alto (de…) |
tanto agrees with its noun: tanto dinero, tanta agua, tantos libros, tantas casas.
mejor (better), peor (worse), mayor (older / greater), menor (younger / lesser) — never "más bueno / más malo". Superlative just adds the article: el mejor, el peor.
"extremely …": drop the final vowel and add -ísimo: alto → altísimo, bueno → buenísimo, mucho → muchísimo, fácil → facilísimo.
más que tú, más que antes (comparing two terms), más de dos millones (numbers), más de lo que necesitamos (a clause). With a noun it agrees: más gente de la que cabe.el doble de … que (twice as many), tres veces más, la mitad de, un tercio de.cada vez más / menos = more and more, increasingly.tanto/a/os/as + noun + como agrees with the noun: tanta gente como antes.Before a number, use más de, not más que: más de diez.
Spanish uses double negation: keep no before the verb when a negative word follows it.
If the negative word comes before the verb, drop the "no": Nadie vino, Nunca como carne.
| Positive | Negative |
|---|---|
| algo (something) | nada (nothing) |
| alguien (someone) | nadie (no one) |
| algún / alguno (some) | ningún / ninguno (none) |
| siempre (always) | nunca / jamás (never) |
| también (also) | tampoco (neither) |
| o…o (either…or) | ni…ni (neither…nor) |
ninguno → ningún before a masculine singular noun: no tengo ningún libro. It is almost always singular.
A conjugated verb + a fixed link + an infinitive (or gerund) adds an aspect the plain tense can't.
| Periphrasis | Meaning | Example |
|---|---|---|
| ir a + inf. | near future ("going to") | voy a estudiar |
| acabar de + inf. | have just done | acabo de comer |
| volver a + inf. | do again | vuelvo a leer |
| dejar de + inf. | stop doing | dejo de fumar |
| tener que + inf. | have to (obligation) | tengo que trabajar |
| hay que + inf. | one must (impersonal) | hay que esperar |
| seguir + gerund | keep on doing | sigo estudiando |
| empezar a + inf. | start to | empiezo a entender |
| seguir sin + inf. | still not | sigue sin trabajar |
| ponerse a + inf. | suddenly start | se pone a llorar |
| llegar a + inf. | go as far as, even | llega a ganar mucho |
| llevar + time + gerund | have been -ing | llevo dos años viviendo aquí |
Only the first verb conjugates; the second stays an infinitive or gerund.
| Pronoun | Use | Example |
|---|---|---|
| que | the workhorse: things & people, subject or object | el libro que leí |
| quien / quienes | people, after a preposition or between commas | la mujer con quien hablo |
| el/la que, los/las que | "the one(s) that"; after prepositions for clarity | la casa en la que vivo |
| lo que | "what / that which" (a whole idea, no set noun) | no entiendo lo que dices |
| cuyo/a/os/as | "whose" — agrees with the thing owned | el autor cuya novela leí |
Use donde for places (la ciudad donde nací). cuyo is mostly written/formal — recognise it; in speech people rephrase with de.
| Type | si-clause | Result |
|---|---|---|
| 1 · real | si + presente | futuro (or presente / imperativo) |
| 2 · hypothetical | si + imperfecto de subjuntivo | condicional |
| 3 · past-unreal | si + pluscuamperfecto de subjuntivo | condicional compuesto |
Never put a present subjunctive or a plain future right after si. The order can flip (result first) with no comma: Iría si tuviera tiempo.
Take the ellos form of the preterite, drop -ron, and add the endings. The -ra and -se sets are fully interchangeable.
| Pronoun | -ra forms | -se forms |
|---|---|---|
| yo | hablara | hablase |
| tú | hablaras | hablases |
| él/ella | hablara | hablase |
| nosotros | habláramos | hablásemos |
| ellos | hablaran | hablasen |
Irregulars ride the preterite stem: fuera (ser/ir), tuviera (tener), hiciera (hacer), pudiera (poder), dijera (decir). Only nosotros takes an accent.
Used after si (type 2), for wishes (ojalá viniera), past WEIRDO triggers, and polite quisiera un café.
When the reporting verb (dijo, dijeron) is in the past, the reported tense shifts back one step.
| Direct | Reported (after a past verb) |
|---|---|
| presente: "voy" | imperfecto: dijo que iba |
| pretérito / perfecto: "fui / he ido" | pluscuamperfecto: dijo que había ido |
| futuro: "iré" | condicional: dijo que iría |
| imperativo: "ven" | imperf. subj.: dijo que viniera |
Pronouns and time words shift too: hoy → aquel día, mañana → al día siguiente, aquí → allí. Yes/no questions use preguntar si: me preguntó si tenía tiempo.
No backshift when the reporting verb is present (dice que va) or the fact is still true.
Ask these in order. The first yes is your tense.
había salido. Cues: ya (before something else in the past), nunca antes, antes de eso.he comido. Cues: hoy, esta semana, este año, ya (up to now), todavía no, nunca, alguna vez.comí. Cues: ayer, anoche, el año pasado, en 2015, hace tres días, de repente.comía. Cues: antes, de niño, siempre, todos los días, mientras.estaba comiendo cuando…| Now | Then | Example |
|---|---|---|
| es | era | eran las diez · era alta |
| está | estaba | estaba en casa, cansado |
| hay | había | había mucha gente |
era: time and what someone or something was like. estaba: where, and how someone felt. había: what was in the scene, one form for singular and plural.
fue, estuvo, hubo sum up or report an event instead: fue un día horrible, hubo un accidente (it happened) vs había mucho tráfico (it was there).
The tense of estar follows the same rules: estuve cenando (yesterday, a finished stretch), he estado contestando correos (all morning, still today), estaba trabajando cuando nos conocimos (background).
A bounded stretch of time takes the indefinido however long it was: viví dos años en Lima. In most of Latin America the indefinido also covers today and experiences (hoy trabajé, ¿estuviste alguna vez?); Spain uses the perfecto there.
Same endings for -ar, -er and -ir: hablaré, comerás, vivirá. Irregular verbs change only the stem.
| Pattern | Verbs |
|---|---|
| vowel → d | tendré, pondré, saldré, vendré |
| lose the e | habré, podré, sabré, querré |
| short stems | haré (hacer), diré (decir) |
mañana hará calor, te llamaré.si tengo tiempo, iré. Never si + futuro.¿Dónde está Ana? Estará en casa = she’s probably at home.ir a + infinitive is for plans you have made (voy a estudiar esta noche); the futuro is for predictions and less certain plans (algún día estudiaré chino). The conditional uses the same irregular stems: tendría, haría.
To guess instead of state, shift the verb one step towards the future. English says "probably / must / I wonder".
| Guess about | Fact | Guess |
|---|---|---|
| now | está en casa | estará en casa |
| recent past | ha tenido un accidente | habrá tenido |
| a past moment | eran las doce | serían las doce |
Futuro perfecto = habré, habrás, habrá, habremos, habrán + participle: ¿habrá llegado ya?
a lo mejor llueve.quizá tiene / tenga razón.lo más probable es que quiera algo.Estará en casa usually means "he’s probably at home", not "he will be at home". Don’t reach for debe de by reflex: the future is the most natural guess.
English uses get, become, go, turn for everything. Spanish picks the verb by the kind of change.
me puse nervioso, se puso rojo, se puso enfermo (Latin America: se enfermó).se quedó ciego, me quedé sin dinero, me quedé en blanco.se ha vuelto muy egoísta.se hizo budista, me haré abogada, se hizo rico, se hace tarde.llegó a ser director.se convirtió en una ciudad."Get ill / angry / red" is ponerse; "become a lawyer" is hacerse; "run out of" is quedarse sin. Without se they make someone else change: vivir fuera me volvió más abierto.
One question decides it: are you declaring it, or questioning it?
creo que es, es verdad que son, está claro que está.no creo que sea, no es verdad que sean, dudo que lo consigan.es posible / probable que haya, puede que llegue.es normal que estés nervioso.No specific person → infinitive: es importante dormir. A specific person → que + subjuntivo: es importante que duermas. Same with wanting: quiero ir vs quiero que vayas.
A thing or person you know exists → indicativo: tengo un amigo que habla ruso. One you are looking for, or that may not exist → subjuntivo: busco a alguien que hable ruso, no conozco a nadie que hable ruso.
Passing on information → indicativo: dice que hace frío. Telling someone to do something → subjuntivo: me dice que me ponga la chaqueta.
parece que + indicativo (parece que va a llover), and so does parece claro / evidente que; but parece + evaluative adjective + que (lógico, normal, raro) + subjuntivo (parece lógico que quieran). es difícil que means "it’s unlikely that": es difícil que llueva.
como no tenía dinero, me quedé en casa.me quedé en casa porque no tenía dinero.estábamos agotados, así que descansamos.| Job | Connectors |
|---|---|
| start | pues, resulta que, una vez |
| set it up | el caso es que, como…, y claro |
| move on | al principio, en ese momento, de repente |
| finish | por fin, al final, por suerte, en fin |
por fin is relief after waiting ("finally!"); al final is just "in the end". Anecdotes often jump into the present at the climax: y va él y me dice…
el mismo canal (the same) · aquí mismo, ahora mismo, yo mismo (right here, right now, myself) · no es lo mismo, me da lo mismo (the same thing).
Before a noun they agree: mucha agua, pocos amigos, demasiados dulces. After a verb they never change: Sandra lee mucho, fuma demasiado.
| Ending | Example |
|---|---|
| -ción (f) | construir → la construcción |
| -miento (m) | nacer → el nacimiento |
| -da (f) | llegar → la llegada |
| -aje (m) | aterrizar → el aterrizaje |
| -o / -a | rechazar → el rechazo, protestar → la protesta |
-ción, -sión, -dad and -anza are feminine; -aje and -miento masculine. Greek -ma words are masculine: el problema, el tema, el sistema.
Latin America has no vosotros. The plural "you" is ustedes for everyone, formal or not, and it takes the ellos verb form: ustedes hablan, ustedes tienen. That is why this app never drills vosotros.
In the Andean highlands (La Paz, Cochabamba) usted reaches beyond strangers — it is common with elders, in-laws, even affectionately within families. Defaulting to usted with new people reads as respectful, never cold.
In the lowlands — Santa Cruz, Tarija — you'll hear vos instead of tú: vos tenés, vos sos, vos querés (stress on the last syllable, no stem change). tú is understood everywhere, so it's a safe default while you tune your ear to vos.
Object & possessive forms stay te / tu / ti even with vos: vos te equivocaste.
Click each word to mark it. Green = you already know it (verified next stage, then skipped forever). Yellow = unsure (tested first). Leave white for normal drilling. Takes ~2 minutes.
3 seconds per word. Type the Spanish translation. If you can produce it under pressure, it's truly mastered. If not, it joins your drill pool.
Curated prompts tagged by length, level, and tense. Or type your own at the top of the list.
Every composition you submit is saved automatically. Star the ones worth revisiting and they'll appear at the top.
Pick a set. It speaks the English, you answer out loud in your target language, and it grades you automatically. Keep the screen on and prop the phone up.
iOS switches the mic off when the screen locks, so this mode keeps the screen awake. Prop the phone up and answer out loud.
Choose a situation to practise. You'll hold a conversation in Spanish using your microphone, then get a correction review at the end.
Tap play, listen, then tap the mic and say it back. Aim to copy the rhythm, not just the words.
Read the prompt, then answer out loud straight away. Speed matters more than perfection here.
Every speaking session is saved. Browse your past reviews.
Curated Spanish-language podcasts at intermediate level. Click a card to see the topic, listen on your platform of choice, then come back to be quizzed.
Open the audio in your podcast app, listen carefully, then click "I'm done" to answer comprehension questions.
Answer in Spanish. Don't worry about perfect grammar — focus on showing you understood. Skipping is OK; an empty answer counts as incorrect.
Every comprehension session is saved automatically. Star sessions worth revisiting.
Name a song and Claude pulls the Spanish lyrics with a line-by-line English translation. Paste the Spotify track link too and you can play it inline while you read both languages. Tap any Spanish word to look it up; mine it to mint a sentence card into your Lectura deck.
Short texts in real Latin American Spanish. The amber badge means the text is in your i+1 zone — challenging but readable. Green is comfortable practice; red means too many unknown words yet. Coverage updates as you mark words known.
Tap any word to see its meaning — the +1 words for this text are highlighted, but every word is clickable. Looked-up words are cached locally so the second tap is instant. + Mine adds the word to a cloze flashcard with this exact sentence, and to your existing vocab drill pool.
Reading session logged. The words you mined are now in two places: a cloze flashcard deck (with the source sentence), and your existing vocab weakness pool. Reviews build implicit grammar; drills lock the form.
Constructions that appeared in what you just read. Tap + review to drop one into your flashcard deck.
Each card shows a sentence from a text you've read, with the target word missing. Try to recall it. Then reveal and grade yourself honestly — the algorithm needs the truth to schedule the next review. Tap any other word in the sentence to check its meaning — or + Mine it — when you need the context to recall the target. Words already in your deck are highlighted.
The two numbers that actually predict reaching B1: hours of comprehensible input and words moved from unknown to known. Everything else is downstream of those two.
Every reading session is logged. Re-reading a text drives narrow-reading recurrence — the same vocabulary appears in fresh contexts, locking it deeper than any drill.
Photograph the vocab page, or pick photos you already took. You check every card before anything is saved.
Fix anything that was read wrongly, untick what you don't want, then save. Amber rows were hard to read. Nothing is saved until you press Save.
Recall it, reveal, then grade yourself honestly. The schedule needs the truth to know when to show a card again.
Tap each word you already know. Green ones skip straight to Learned and come back in 3 weeks as a check. Leave the rest white and they stay new, served at the daily pace.
Drill all words in one theme across all three tiers. Words you've already mastered are excluded.